The US foreign policy from 1945-1991 Case Study

The US international strategy from 1945-1991 - Case Study Example This exploration will start with the explanation that the term Cold War was begat by Pulitzer prize-winning marketing expert Herbert Bayard Swope and alludes to the extraordinary sentiments of threatening vibe and the significant global strain and battle for power between the USA and afterward the USSR, the two of which headed impressive collusions for example Partners and Russian satellites, respectively.â It began in 1945 and finished in 1989.â It was ‘cold’ in light of the fact that the relations between the two superpowers were frosty yet never went to a flashpoint skirting on a shooting war.â The contention included political competition and favorable position just as an advantage to be decided of intensity. The contention was loaded with conflicts of contending belief systems for example between the vote based industrialist arrangement of America and its partners and the communist/socialist arrangement of the USSR and the satellite countries involving the cou ntries of the Warsaw Pact. The contention comprised of purposeful publicity, military collusions, nuclear arms advancement, reproduction programs and the competition to win the hearts and psyches of the unbiased nations, most particularly the underdeveloped nations which may give army installations, regular assets, and markets. As right on time as 1929, the USA and the USSR had kept each other under control and at a safe distance's notwithstanding contrasts in political belief systems. This offense was increased by the USA's strategy of nonintervention in the 1930's which quieted whatever sentiments of doubt they had for one another. In any case, relations were improved when the USA and the Soviet Union out of the blue wound up battling one next to the other against extremist Germany in World War II. The warm relations, notwithstanding, quickly broke up when halfway through the war, the USA understood that the USSR was resolved to recover all the regions in Eastern Europe that it lo st before World War I and these are eastern Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and parts of Romania and Finland. It turned out to be obvious to USA that Stalin in his suspicious dread of Germany and its military may need all of Eastern Europe to fill in as its support states and shields from German animosity. President Roosevelt focused on that USA as disciple of the rule of self-assurance needed these states to decide for themselves the sort of government they need. The other western partners took a gander at Poland as deliberately the defense of Europe which while falling under the control of the Soviets would open the conduits of Russians attacking Western Europe. The US fears were vindicated during the 1943 Teheran Conference when Stalin at long last divulges the unadulterated truth: that he anticipated regional concessions as the conditions of Eastern Europe. Equity, to Stalin requested that Russia be rewarded from the passings of 16 million Russians and the gigantic devastatio n and harm to Soviet properties and hardware during the initial three years of war. It unfolded on President Roosevelt that reality, custom and history directed that self-assurance among the eastern European states would be an abomination to Russia as any uninhibitedly chosen government in Eastern Europe would be threatening to Soviet philosophy. Both the Yalta Conference and the Potsdam Conference in 1945 further stressed the relations nearly to the limit as Russia deceptively set up a socialist government in Lublin, Poland followed by its subverting of chose non-socialist governments in Czechoslovakia and Hungary. It was unavoidable that the Cold War followed in mid 1946 after Berlin and Germany were partitioned into 4 groups for example Russian, American, British and French.

Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient Essay Example

Holding up records in the NHS plainly show that it is wasteful Essay In 2002, open consumption on wellbeing spoke to 7.7% of GDP. Simultaneously, more than one million individuals were sitting tight for treatment on the NHS.1 Through a relapse examination with an example size of more than ten thousand, T.Besley et al found that if the drawn out holding up list were to ascend by one for every thousand, at that point there would be a 2% expansion in the likelihood that an individual.would purchase private protection. It has along these lines been appeared through relapse examines that purchasers of wellbeing see quality in the NHS through holding up times. Given that tax assessment remains the essential strategy for subsidizing the NHS, the reality accordingly, that holding up records do exist stays a reason for worry to numerous individuals as they question how their assets are being allotted. In this exposition, I will chiefly examine why holding up records exist by any stretch of the imagination, and think about the related proficiency contentions. As indicated by this point, I intend to disperse the idea that holding up records are inside and out wasteful. While applying financial matters to any region in an effective territory we normally think about two factors; cost and yield. In this regard, the NHS can be viewed as an abnormality as for financial matters as assets must be designated without the value system. It would thus be able to be seen on a fundamental level why holding up records may exist. Think about the accompanying graph:- Figure 1. We will compose a custom exposition test on Waiting records in the NHS plainly show that it is wasteful explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Waiting records in the NHS obviously exhibit that it is wasteful explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Waiting records in the NHS obviously exhibit that it is wasteful explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Undoubtedly, in the NHS, there are no expenses of treatment. The NHS will confront an interest bend, D1 and its patients will devour up to the point Qnhs. Were there a proficient value component set up, it tends to be accepted that the ideal amount would be at OQ*. It is consequently the situation that in the NHS there exists overabundance request to the degree Qnhs OQ*. This abundance request can be basically thought of as the degree of holding up records. Before we can talk about completely in the case of holding up records are effective we should ask what proficiency is in the NHS. I will asses productivity in the NHS prevalently around the idea of Pareto effectiveness. Pareto characterized the financially effective result in the public eye just like a circumstance where it is difficult to improve the parcel of any individual without harming another person. This suggests allocative proficiency as there is the right utilization of assets to every individual. As indicated by a solitary market, in this occurrence wellbeing, we can derive that this implies peripheral advantages equivalent the minimal expense of utilization. We may likewise think about profitable effectiveness. That will be that yield is delivered at least conceivable expense. Given that there is no value component in the NHS to liken flexibly with request, shoppers are not discouraged from utilizing administrations as they face zero fiscal cost. The primary limitations to get to are shaped through holding up records. In any case, for what reason must they exist by any stretch of the imagination? A smart response to this inquiry is given by Buchanan. It is appeared in the accompanying graph:- Figure 2 (Figure taken from Are holding up records inescapable? A Street, S Duckett.) The x pivot speaks to the degree of private wellbeing arrangement. The person with spending imperative AB and lack of concern bend I2 will buy OQ1 medicinal services. Given the presentation of a NHS, the x pivot should now speak to the degree of social medicinal services arrangement. Accepting that the individual exchanges to general medicinal services, he presently needs to buy human services for other people (as per the expense framework) as opposed to the past, private framework in which he was just worried about himself and his family. This will modify his lack of interest bend, I2-I2 , and less social insurance will be requested, OQ2. If so over the market, the result of general medicinal services is that there will be a littler total use on social insurance when contrasted with a private human services framework. Notwithstanding these issues, there will likewise be an expansion sought after. In the NHS there are no client charges, as clarified prior. The purchaser of general medicinal services will hence devour up until where the minor utility of social insurance is zero. This will bring about the ideal asset request being OQ3. This limitation in flexibly and development of interest drives Buchanan to propose that holding up records are endemic to the (NHS) framework. Since most potential patients can't bear the cost of private wellbeing arrangement, they have a straightforward choice, be dealt with (and pause) or not be dealt with. In this manner, expecting that society is sane, the forthcoming patient will hold up until he beat the rundown to get treated. This infers the Pareto productive result in a solitary market doesn't exist here and that holding up records do propose that the NHS is wasteful. The peripheral patient isn't the patient that compares his minimal expense of holding up with the negligible advantage of treatment, yet the patient that sees any advantage at all from the treatment that he will get sometime not too far off. This proposes as long as the interest bend is unaltered, the potential buyer surplus from inpatient treatment isn't scattered by the sit tight for treatment.2 Another motivation behind why long holding up records are wasteful is that as the holding up time builds, assets are designated away from treatment towards authoritative expenses. This infers as holding up times increment the administration shows diminishing comes back to scale rendering the nature of administration littler. In a perfect world, the medical clinic should expect to assign its financial plan to where it is unconcerned between further3 expanding affirmations and minimal hold up decrease. A noteworthy motivation behind why this difficult continues is that frequently, medical clinic administrators refer to expanding holding up records while arranging the emergency clinics spending plan with the legislature. In such circumstances previously, the legislature has shown a positive readiness to pay in response to expanding holding up records, and subsequently medical clinics havent given an extraordinary enough weight to decreasing records, yet rather to expanding confirmations . It may anyway be uncalled for to pass judgment on the NHSs level of effectiveness on its holding up list levels. Right off the bat, the reality of the situation might prove that where there are territories that show a high extent of individuals that are secretly guaranteed, campaigning for shorter holding up records would diminish and this could prompt a positive relationship between's private protection and holding up records. In any case, for what reason may this be? Probably the best issue with the NHS is that of Supplier Induced Demand (SID). As far as human services this alludes to the degree to which a specialist gives or suggests the arrangement of clinical administrations that contrasts from what the patient would have picked in the event that they had a similar data and information accessible as the specialist. Would a patient, for instance, have surrendered an evening in the working environment in the event that they had known on referral that the particular treatment for a confounded malady was a mortar to the toe? This thought falls in accordance with the way that numerous compensation frameworks are planned so the specialist gets a more noteworthy salary when they give a more noteworthy measure of administrations to every patient. This is borne out by an examination by Krasnik et al (1990) who found that after GPs in Copenhagen had their compensation techniques changed to a charge for-administration premise, their action expanded until they accomplished their objective earnings at which stage action fell, proposing SID. Might it be the situation that holding up records just mirror the ravenousness of GPs and the unreasonable motivating forces offered to emergency clinic chiefs, instead of the real wastefulness of the NHS? For certain holding up patients, it is apparent that inpatient treatment is required now, or not in any way. A hold up of any span will be of no assistance by any stretch of the imagination. In the present NHS, need is given to these patients. In the UK, holding up records will in general develop for defer capable cases5 In regard of this, holding up records may basically speak to a load of work for specialists, guaranteeing that their rare and talented assets are used in the right occasions. It is likewise contended by Cullis and Jones that a sitting tight rundown takes into consideration a parity of instances of varying nature and multifaceted nature, encouraging the showing capacity of numerous clinics. Considering these two focuses it might be contended that holding up records ideally utilize the rare assets introduced to them, suggesting that holding up records may really encourage effectiveness. There is no uncertainty that expanding holding up records are more than prone to show a lackluster showing as far as monetary effectiveness. Somewhere in the range of 1997 and 2002, use on general wellbeing developed altogether by over half. Simultaneously, holding up records just fell by 15%, recommending that there is a huge misallocation of assets all through the NHS and an unwanted degree of effectiveness. That is on the off chance that we are hoping to holding up records as the key pointer of NHS execution. The weighting given to this zone of NHS execution appears to be uncalled for and deceived. It is my feeling that a sensible holding up list really offers ascend to an effective allotment of assets in a framework that can't normally do as such through the value system. Without a doubt records can turn out to be unhelpfully huge. In these cases I would contend that changes, for example, purchaser agreements could be effectively be executed that would keep records from getting t oo huge through the unreasonable motivating forces gave by the legislature to utilize holding up records as a haggling device.

CPW-ing the Weekend (Guest Entry)

CPW-ing the Weekend (Guest Entry) By Pamela Ban (12?) I had eagerly awaited CPW, and it was heaven. There was this booklet that you got at registration which was basically the bible to free food, free stuff, parties, meetings, and other activities that spanned the course of the four days. Have nothing to do? Look in the bible and there was something going on at that moment. I stayed in the Alpha Chi Omega (AXO) sorority house with my host, who was also on the tennis team (nice matching job!). I was interested in finding out about the MIT sororities before going to CPW, so this was a perfect opportunity to see what it was like. For all you skeptics out there, MIT sororities are NOT your stereotypical sororities at all. The girls I met were all amazing- driven, motivated, really smart, and fun to be around. The MIT campus sits on the side of the Charles River, and the sororities and fraternities are right across the river, accessible by a short walk or a ride on the MIT Saferide shuttle. This is the entrance to the AXO house: It was really really pretty inside: There were way too many events that I went to at CPW to go through every single one, so Ill just highlight some of them. The first night at CPW, there was a welcome ceremony and festival, which mostly everyone went to, as evidenced by this picture: There was liquid nitrogen ice cream there! How cool is that? There was a lot of free food at the CPW festival, which was just a taste for what was to come later on. You could find free dinners at a lot of the frats, snack/study breaks at the dorms, food at random events like BOBAfest, and refreshments at almost every meeting. I experienced free food at DessertFest at Phi Delts, pancakes at a Simmons Hall study break, wings at PKT, bubble tea/ice cream/pancakes/crepes at various events at McCormick Hall, an Italian dinner with the Society of Women Engineers, junk food at the academic, athletic, and activity fairs, etc. etc. etc. Each CPW-er did get a card with $20.12 to use at various campus eating places, but as they all say, you can survive CPW and still gain pounds without using it. Last summer, I had gone to the MIT Womens Technology Program (WTP), where I studied EECS for a month with 39 other girls. We had a reunion during CPW, where I got to reunite and hang out with all the WTP girls who went to CPW. Heres a shot of some of us at the brunch (Im third from the left): Our summer WTP electrical engineering instructor was also teaching a lab for 6.01 Intro to EECS, so a group of girls and I went to go check it out: They were designing some type of robot and were focusing on one aspect of it during this particular day. I should know more about it since she explained it to us, but I was too excited about other activities to rememberoops? You also see seemingly random sites across MIT campus. For instance, roaming the halls one afternoon, we saw big things of nitrogen just sitting in the hallway: Also a complicated looking, sweet machine: And then theres this giant, human banana: (Just kidding! He had gone to my high school and was in a banana costume for his campaign for class vice president.) My group and I befriended some cool AXO girls, who took us around to some frat parties and events. We went to the Skullhouse Monster Party, the Goldfish party at DTD (errit was a little disturbing- think about the title of the party- but lets not go there now), a Heaven and Hell party, and hung out at some other frats for various events like dessert, wings, quick bathroom stop, etc. It was all pretty cool (and dry!). So lets debunk the myth nowthere IS a social life at MIT out there, at varying levels from which you can pick. You can also pick from varying degrees of involvement in extracurricular activities. There was an activities fair where tons of organizations set up tables. Once again, free food and free stuff were abound. Heres Paul representing the Undergraduate Research Journal (haha semi-stalkerish!) The last night at CPW, I played Underground Capture the Flag. I was a bit disappointed that I didnt have any pictures of the game in action, but what can I say? I was too distracted This was the Gatorade break at the end of the first round: My team (navy, against the red team) had ended up losing the first round, and I had to leave before the second round finished to get some semblance of sleep before my early flight. I was dead tired from three days of an entirely full schedulethis was just a sampling of what I did during CPW! All in all, CPW was an amazing experience. I learned about the academic programs and opportunities while also having a blast socially with everyone. Probably the most significant thing I discovered was about the people- MIT is full of nerds, yes, but those nerds are also interesting, dynamic, and really fun. While I still havent made my final decision in regards to where I will be going to college, MIT is a very unique environment that you cant find anywhere else.

CPW-ing the Weekend (Guest Entry)

CPW-ing the Weekend (Guest Entry) By Pamela Ban (12?) I had eagerly awaited CPW, and it was heaven. There was this booklet that you got at registration which was basically the bible to free food, free stuff, parties, meetings, and other activities that spanned the course of the four days. Have nothing to do? Look in the bible and there was something going on at that moment. I stayed in the Alpha Chi Omega (AXO) sorority house with my host, who was also on the tennis team (nice matching job!). I was interested in finding out about the MIT sororities before going to CPW, so this was a perfect opportunity to see what it was like. For all you skeptics out there, MIT sororities are NOT your stereotypical sororities at all. The girls I met were all amazing- driven, motivated, really smart, and fun to be around. The MIT campus sits on the side of the Charles River, and the sororities and fraternities are right across the river, accessible by a short walk or a ride on the MIT Saferide shuttle. This is the entrance to the AXO house: It was really really pretty inside: There were way too many events that I went to at CPW to go through every single one, so Ill just highlight some of them. The first night at CPW, there was a welcome ceremony and festival, which mostly everyone went to, as evidenced by this picture: There was liquid nitrogen ice cream there! How cool is that? There was a lot of free food at the CPW festival, which was just a taste for what was to come later on. You could find free dinners at a lot of the frats, snack/study breaks at the dorms, food at random events like BOBAfest, and refreshments at almost every meeting. I experienced free food at DessertFest at Phi Delts, pancakes at a Simmons Hall study break, wings at PKT, bubble tea/ice cream/pancakes/crepes at various events at McCormick Hall, an Italian dinner with the Society of Women Engineers, junk food at the academic, athletic, and activity fairs, etc. etc. etc. Each CPW-er did get a card with $20.12 to use at various campus eating places, but as they all say, you can survive CPW and still gain pounds without using it. Last summer, I had gone to the MIT Womens Technology Program (WTP), where I studied EECS for a month with 39 other girls. We had a reunion during CPW, where I got to reunite and hang out with all the WTP girls who went to CPW. Heres a shot of some of us at the brunch (Im third from the left): Our summer WTP electrical engineering instructor was also teaching a lab for 6.01 Intro to EECS, so a group of girls and I went to go check it out: They were designing some type of robot and were focusing on one aspect of it during this particular day. I should know more about it since she explained it to us, but I was too excited about other activities to rememberoops? You also see seemingly random sites across MIT campus. For instance, roaming the halls one afternoon, we saw big things of nitrogen just sitting in the hallway: Also a complicated looking, sweet machine: And then theres this giant, human banana: (Just kidding! He had gone to my high school and was in a banana costume for his campaign for class vice president.) My group and I befriended some cool AXO girls, who took us around to some frat parties and events. We went to the Skullhouse Monster Party, the Goldfish party at DTD (errit was a little disturbing- think about the title of the party- but lets not go there now), a Heaven and Hell party, and hung out at some other frats for various events like dessert, wings, quick bathroom stop, etc. It was all pretty cool (and dry!). So lets debunk the myth nowthere IS a social life at MIT out there, at varying levels from which you can pick. You can also pick from varying degrees of involvement in extracurricular activities. There was an activities fair where tons of organizations set up tables. Once again, free food and free stuff were abound. Heres Paul representing the Undergraduate Research Journal (haha semi-stalkerish!) The last night at CPW, I played Underground Capture the Flag. I was a bit disappointed that I didnt have any pictures of the game in action, but what can I say? I was too distracted This was the Gatorade break at the end of the first round: My team (navy, against the red team) had ended up losing the first round, and I had to leave before the second round finished to get some semblance of sleep before my early flight. I was dead tired from three days of an entirely full schedulethis was just a sampling of what I did during CPW! All in all, CPW was an amazing experience. I learned about the academic programs and opportunities while also having a blast socially with everyone. Probably the most significant thing I discovered was about the people- MIT is full of nerds, yes, but those nerds are also interesting, dynamic, and really fun. While I still havent made my final decision in regards to where I will be going to college, MIT is a very unique environment that you cant find anywhere else.

The Apartheid Of South Africa - 1174 Words

Some periods in human history are simply shameful. The period of apartheid policy in South Africa was one of these times. Apartheid featured a rebirth of racist legislature in South Africa from the 1950s to the 1990s. Essentially, these laws treated people who were not white as completely separate from society; the term apartheid literally means â€Å"apartness.† The national legislature in South Africa wanted to suppress blacks and ensure a white supremacy in the government. Basically, political goals predominated over human rights. Fortunately, enough support eventually rallied to abolish apartheid. Nevertheless, it was still unjust and devastating. The South African government’s policy of apartheid was a deplorable chapter in human†¦show more content†¦Apartheid laws were created to ensure a white supremacy in the governemnt. In 1948, the apartheid laws first began, and â€Å"racial discrimination was institutionalized.† Among the first aparth eid laws were a prohibition of marriage between whites and blacks, and the distinction of ``white-only jobs. Then, these laws became even more serious. â€Å"In 1950, the Population Registration Act required that all South Africans be racially classified into one of three categories: white, black (African), or colored (of mixed decent)†. This specific law enabled a myriad of racist legislature to be enacted. For example, one law required that those classified as blacks carry a pass book containing their fingerprints to step foot in a non-black area. Also, in 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act divided African reserves into â€Å"homelands.† Each African was designated a homeland, and their political rights, including voting, were confined to its borders. The goal of this was to eradicate any sort of African power in the South African Parliament; whites desired â€Å"hegemony† over the people. Essentially, between 1976 to 1981, four homelands were formed and â€Å"nine million South Africans were denationalized.† Notwithstanding, the homelands â€Å"refused the nominal independence†¦and [maintained] pressure for political rights within the country†. Outrageously, Africans from these homelands were required

Modern Technology and Business Communication - 770 Words

Specific Purpose: To educate and inform the public about hurricane preparedness. Thesis Statement: Three basic level of preparedness individual should take; (1) before a hurricane, (2) during a hurricane and (3) After a hurricane. Introduction Attention-Getter: It was the Caribbean’s worst nightmare, when an extremely powerful hurricane was formed during the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season and creates a widespread destruction in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. At category 4 Hurricane â€Å"Gilbert† struck Jamaica on 12 of September 1988, causing a direct land fall on the island. The eye of the storm passed directly over the island with wind speeds 217 km/h bringing 200 to 250 mm of rain fall in total. Throughout the Caribbean†¦show more content†¦II. Four Steps that individual should take into consideration during a hurricane. A. Be calm! Your ability to act logically is important. B. Do not go outside unless it is absolutely necessary because when the winds get very strong, you are in danger of being hit by flying objects. C. If your glass windows have not been boarded up, place a large heavy object in front of the window to protect yourself and others from splintering glass. D. If the house shows signs of b reaking up, stay under a table or stand in a sturdy closet. Transition: we have looked at the precaution one’s should take before and during a hurricane. There is one more precaution we should take, as it relates to hurricane. III. Four additional step that individual should take into consideration after a hurricane. A. Do not touch loose or dangling electrical wires and report these to the power company, the nearest police station or parish council. B. Immediately after the hurricane don’t use stored water for washing houses, cars and watering gardens until normal water services have been restored. C. 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Aldous Huxley s Brave New World - 3277 Words

Brave New World is a cautionary tale about the crushing effects of an authoritarian regime on human individuality. In this satire, Aldous Huxley offers a critique of totalitarianism by creating a single World State government and society. Although the World State’s motto is â€Å"community, identity, and stability,† ironically, the concept of individual identity is all but lost to the citizens of the World State (Huxley). The government controls virtually every aspect of human activity -- from creation to death. In exchange for comfort, happiness, and stability, the people in Huxley’s world give up their free will and sense of self. To make his point, Huxley employs powerful symbols of a mechanical, mind-numbing world where individual identity†¦show more content†¦Bokanovskification, the process used to manufacture identical â€Å"parts† to fit into this machine, employs â€Å"the whole of a small factory staffed with the products of a single bok anovskified egg† (Huxley). The world of the hatcheries is a metaphor for the way totalitarian governments operate to control every aspect of their citizens lives, from beginning to end. The Bokanovsky method of conception dehumanizes people from the moment of birth. Huxley s assembly line imagery shows that individual babies are no more distinct or important than mechanical products. Babies are not born; they are produced. There is no creation of life by a sexual act or an expression of love. There is no individual experience of pregnancy and birth. There is no modern concept of a mother or father or family whatsoever, so humans are stripped of a true personal identity. Without a family, each person lacks unique childhood stories. Without a family, each person belongs to the State. Through the hatcheries, the government is the creator and parent of every child. The few individuals who exercise control over the people are men playing at being God (Kass). As the leaders of the government, they decide what people s social rank will be before they are even born. With the idea that there can be â€Å"no stability without social stability,† the World Controllers create a very strict social order (Huxley). This religious image of the controllers as gods is connected to

Microsoft (1913 words) Essay Example For Students

Microsoft (1913 words) Essay MicrosoftIntroduction and History:There are very few people in the world today that can honestly say that they do not know who Bill Gates is. This Harvard dropout is quite possibly the most well known, and wealthiest person in the world. Even at the age of fourteen, Gates was on the road for success after he started his own computer programming company. This company, the Lakeside programming group, was credited for writing programs for his schools payroll account. Only after a year of higher learning, Gates and long time friend Paul Allen from the University of Washington, dropped out of college and moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1974. Upon their arrival in New Mexico, Gates and Allen started Microsoft, which is now a multibillion dollar computer software company. Initially Microsoft was a small company that did programming from a computer company called MITS. One of Gates and Allens first big accomplishments working for MITS was to write a programming language called BASIC. Whe n MITS went under, Gates and Allen had to look for other opportunities and relocated their company back to their home town of Seattle, Washington. At the same time the computer giant IBM realized how large the personal computer market was becoming, and decided to jump on the band wagon when they saw that they were considerably behind the competition in developing a PC product. IBM threw together a machine made mostly from other companies parts and tried to out source the software for the operating system. After being rejected twice by programming firms, including Microsoft, Bill Gates realized what a profitable opportunity it would be to move in on IBMs enormous market share. Gates borrowed fifty thousand dollars from his father, who was a prominent Seattle lawyer, and bought the rights to an operating system sold by Seattle Computer Products. An operating system is the language that links the keyboard, screen, printer, microprocessor and computer and allows the parts to communicate . Gates then approached IBM to sign agreements to develop the systems for their PCs. This decision would later become legendary. Gates soon perfected this operating system and called it MS-DOS. MS-DOS promptly became the industry standard because of IBMs influence in the market. Microsoft became a wealthy company almost overnight, and is widely known as a leader in the software industry. Shortly after the companys inception, Microsoft started producing software programs, some of which are today, the most widely used everywhere. The famed software programs include Microsoft Word, Macintosh Word, and Excel. Microsoft forced its way into the market and has gradually added different programs to its team. In 1982 the developed Microsoft Multiplan for the business community, and in 1983 they developed their first word processing program to compete with word perfect. In addition to that, IBM urged Microsoft to make Microsoft Word available for the Macintosh. Then Microsoft decided they needed a to add a multitask operating system, which would allow the user to have word processing, spreadsheets, and several other computer applications working together. In 1984 Microsoft developed their biggest breakthrough in the operating systems market, a graphics based operating system called Windows. Windows allowed Microsoft to match the user friendliness of Apple Computers operating system, giving them another stronghold in the ever growing personal computer market. This development became extremely important for the company because Windows is now the standard system installed on new computers. In 1992, Microsoft started to dive into the emerging market of networking computers and developed Windows NT. As upgrades continued and the development of Windows 2000 became available, Microsoft became the largest and the strongest computer company in the world. With Gates at the helm steering his company into the future, by hard work and dedication, it is no wonder that he is the richest man in the world. Strengths and Weaknesses:Not mentioning Bill Gates as an incredible strength for Microsoft would be a great unjust for the company. Gates insight and decisions, has given Microsoft a virtual monopoly in the computer software industry. Microsoft had more than 2 0 projects in development in 1996, and though Microsoft usually is not the first to come out with a product is always, and undoubtedly proven to be the best. Revenues for 1996 were $8.67 billion and net income was $2.2 billion, with respective increases of 46 and 48 percent from the previous year. Its employee base has risen from 80 in 1980 to 18,000 in 1996. Immigrants and Crime: EssayCorporate-Level Strategy:Microsofts strategy of having the dominate market share in the software industry, is a realistic goal. Most of Microsofts acquisitions come from other companies inability to emerge from Microsofts shadow. These companies are quickly bought up and the information that these companies hold go right into Microsofts vault of information. Due to this and the fact that any new technology is quickly pursued by Microsoft and Bill Gates, Microsoft is no doubt able to be at the throne of the software industry. Structure and Control Systems:Microsofts constant requirements to be ahead of the competition, makes it a necessity to keep a rapid pace of the computer software industry. It is essential for Microsoft to get new products out to the market in a timely manner and to respond quickly to technological change. Recommendation:My recommendation for Microsoft is for them to break the company up into several small companies. In doing this Microsoft can have a company for their operating systems, a company for their word processing and a company for their web browsers. This would enable the smaller companies to focus on one aspect of the software industry. A second recommendation that I can offer would be to have Microsoft intensely conduct surveys and questionnaires with customers nationally and internationally via the Internet. Bibliographywww.microsoft.comBill Gates, Just a Computer Nerd with billions!Business Essays

Henri Fayols Management Theory Essay Example

Henri Fayols Management Theory Paper Henri Fayol’s Management Theory The twentieth century has brought in a number of management theories which have helped shaped our view of management in the present business environment. Henri Fayols management theory is pioneer in its own right, outlining clear and distinct duties and roles of management and his theory is by far the most relevant in today’s management style. Plan, Organize, Command, Co-ordinate, and Control are the five core issues of the Henri Fayols management, which have made the theory more practical over the contemporary management theory. Henry Fayol presented 14 principles of Management, many of which are still widely used in organizations by management to perform day to day tasks and many other functions. Some of his principles which form the structural dimensions of today’s organizations and their management are: Unity of Command, Division of work on the basis of specialization, Centralization, Order, Discipline and Unity if direction. Other than this, two more important aspects that he introduced and we find in today’s management practice are the need for initiative on part of the employees and letting the employees contribute to decisions and other tasks and delegating on the management’s part. In his principles, he also stated that an employee needs to be motivated and among many other things, money is an important variable in motivation. He also said that the management should keep the morale of its employees high and keep them motivated so that they can perform at their best. We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayols Management Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayols Management Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Henri Fayols Management Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Fayol believed by focusing on managerial practices he could minimize misunderstandings and increase efficiency in organizations. [1] He enlightened managers on how to accomplish their managerial duties, and the practices in which they should engage. In his book General and Industrial Management (published in French in 1916, then published in English in 1949), Fayol outlined his theory of general management, which he believed could be applied to the administration of myriad industries. His concern was with the administrative apparatus (or functions of administration), and to that end he presented his administrative theory, that is, principles and elements of management. His theories and ideas were ideally a result of his environment; that of a post revolutionized France in which a republic bourgeois was emerging. A bourgeois himself, he believed in the controlling of workers in order to achieve a greater productivity over all other managerial considerations. However, through reading General and Industrial Management, it is apparent that Fayol advocated a flexible approach to management, one which he believed could be applied to any circumstance whether in the home, the workplace, or within the state. He stressed the importance and the practice of forecasting and planning in order to apply these ideas and techniques which demonstrated his ability and his emphasis in being able to adapt to any sort of situation. In General and Industrial Management he outlines an agenda whereby, under an accepted theory of management, every citizen is exposed and taught some form of management education and allowed to exercise management abilities first at school and later on in the workplace. Everyone needs some concepts of management; in the home, in affairs of state, the need for managerial ability is in keeping with the importance of the undertaking, and for individual people the need is everywhere in greater accordance with the position occupied. excerpt from General and Industrial Management During the early 20th century, Fayol developed 14 principles of management in order to help managers manage their affairs more effectively. Organizations in technologically advanced countries interpret these principles quite differently from the way they were interpreted during Fayols time as well. These differences in interpretation are in part a result of the cultural challenges managers face when implementing t his framework. The fourteen principles are: (1) Division of work, (2) Delegation of Authority, (3) Discipline, (4) Chain of commands, (5) Congenial workplace, (6) Interrelation between individual interests and common organizational goals, (7) Compensation package, (8) Centralization, (9) Scalar chains, (10) Order, (11) Equity, (12) Job Guarantee, (13) Initiatives, (14) Team-Spirit or Esprit de corps.

How to Complete a Personal Narrative Essay

How to Complete a Personal Narrative Essay How to Complete a Personal Narrative Essay In most of the cases, an assignment to write a personal narrative essay is quite challenging and students don’t know where to start. It is quite complicated, because you not only need to reveal your inner self but also remain honest and possess good writing skills. Remember that your narrative essay should always be written in a first person, using the past tense. Make yourself comfortable and continue reading to learn everything about a narrative essay! Choosing a topic When writing a narrative essay, you will need to describe and analyze a certain story from your personal experience. That is why it won’t be possible to use outside information or a research to decide which topic is the most suitable. Your story should be creative, interesting, simple and stirring up various emotions. That is why the best topic for a narrative essay is the one, which has dynamics, emotions and personal approach. Just take some time and think of the things you want to share with the world. You will definitely have an outstanding experience to share! Remain simple Many students are tempted to use complicated words and a huge vocabulary, not knowing that readers easily loose interest to such an essay. That is why it is better to use simple ideas, like starting with a quote or limiting the size of your sentences. Your vocabulary should be understandable and your language – readable. Don’t neglect the structure of your essay and it will definitely pay you back with great reviews and interest of the audience! Your story should match the task When you need to write a narrative essay, you start remembering tens of situations and stories you want to share with the world. However, it is important to choose a story, which will correspond with your assignment. Listen carefully to your tutor’s recommendations and select a topic, which gives answers to certain questions. For example: Â  How the situation helped you to change? Â  How did you overcome such a situation? Â  What did you learn from your mistakes? Every story provides a lesson and you are always welcome to share this lesson with the audience! Pay attention to details It is not enough to choose a story you want to share, as you also need to pay enough attention to its plot and structure. If you want to make your story smooth and interesting, try to answer following questions: Â  Where did your story start and where did it end? Â  What are the most important elements or characters of your story? Â  Who or what had an impact on the story? Â  What details you want to include to your text? We have also created a list of useful tips you may need, when completing a narrative essay: Â  Always stick to the point and never forget about the main aim of your story; Â  Follow a proper structure: your essay should have a beginning, a climax and conclusions; Â  Add emotions and colors to your text to engage the reader; Â  Make conclusions and mark the lessons you have learned; Â  Try to make your story short, not missing important details; Â  Your story shouldn’t be too formal if else is not indicated by your tutor; Â  It is useful to have both a protagonist and an antagonist in your text. Always revise your texts Many students neglect this important step, thinking that mistakes, both grammar and lexical ones, are not important and tutors will only evaluate the plot itself. However, such mistakes can greatly lower your grades, so you need to revise your text multiple times before the delivery. Make sure you have stated your story loud and clear, and provided every paragraph in an understandable manner. Every section should be readable and smooth, using academic language. In addition, you should also check your punctuation to make sure your sentences are understandable. Following all these tips will guarantee a great result and you will be able to provide an outstanding narrative essay for a minimum time!

Does interval training improve fitness in COPD Essay

Does interval training improve fitness in COPD - Essay Example The disease not only impacts the physical well being of the patient, but also poses a burden to the emotional, economic and social aspects of both the patient and the family members (Fromer and Cooper, 2008). The condition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and affects the quality of life of the patient. COPD cannot be cured, but timely and appropriate treatment can significantly reduce the severity and duration of symptoms, thereby increasing the quality of life and decreasing morbidity and mortality (GOLD, 2008). The main problem in COPD is breathlessness. Several strategies have been developed to minimize these symptoms in COPD, the most important of which is pulmonary rehabilitation. Evidence-based analyses from several randomized controlled trials have proved that exercise training is critical for improvement of not only the exercise capacity of the patients, but also their quality of life (Yohannes and Connolly, 2004). There are basically two types of exerci se training and they are continuous training and intermittent training. Both types of training have been used for the management of chronic breathlessness in COPD. However, which of the two is better is a much debated topic. In this literature review, studies comparing the two methods of exercise training will be reviewed to ascertain as to which is a better strategy for prevention and management of breathlessness in COPD patients. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD may be defined as "a disease state characterized by the presence of airflow obstruction due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema" (Sharma, 2006). Clinically, the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is made when there is chronic productive cough without any other specific etiology for more than 3 months, and emphysema is diagnosed when there is irreversible damage to air spaces beyond terminal bronchioles, with no obvious fibrosis (Fromer and Cooper, 2008). According to NICE (2004), "diagnosis

Marketing Plan for a Mobile Application Business Plan Coursework

Marketing Plan for a Mobile Application Business Plan - Coursework Example There is extensive requirement of a holistic time management applications in the market, which Personal Time Manager would be able to fulfill. It would be able to assist people to plan out their official and personal activities (Blythe, 2009). Apart from managing the office projects, the time management apps would be also helpful in tracking progress and reminding the user, whether his/ her daily goals are met or not. A single app capable of managing, tracking and reminding every detail would be surely a unique selling proposition (USP) for the company. Moreover, this app would be able to grab the customer base of those apps which do not have multiple usages. This section would be including a comprehensive analysis of the marketing plan for Personal Time Manager. Aspects like market segment, target customers, competitors, buyers, and strategies would be also included in the domain of this marketing plan. 5.1 Marketing Segmentation Market segmentation is a part of the marketing strate gy which assists in segregating the consumers in homogeneous groups based on their needs, preferences, and other criteria. Though there are many products for which segmentation is not required because these are manufactured for the mass, but in this case the product or service is a paid time management application for Smartphone users, such as for customers using Iphone, Android based phones, Mac or iPad. Segmenting the market would assist the company to choose and identify the segment that they want to target for their product or service. However, users of mobile applications can be segregated on the basis of their age, gender, income level, as well as usage (Brassington and Pettitt, 2007). The users or customers can be segregated on the basis of their income level, need for time management, and frequency of usage. Income level is considered because generally students do not prefer to buy apps for mobile phones. They rather download freeware from internet; while professional prefer to have paid services because they find them secure, original and convenient. Further, they also extensively require time management apps to fit in every function within scheduled time. The frequency of usage in such cases is high. Even companies buy such apps for their employees, and it is used consistently in the organizations for scheduling daily operational functions (Buono, and Savall, 2007). 5.2 Competitor Analysis The market of mobile applications is extremely competitive because there is abundant availability of mobile apps. Even when there are various freeware in the market, there is a wide user base for paid time management and productivity apps. In such a scenario, Personal time Manager will face difficulty in the market (Evans, Ahmad, and Foxall, 2009). Personal Time Manager would face competitors like Microsoft OneNote, SmartTime, Microsoft CloudOn, OmniFocus, SpringPad, Wunderlist 2, Google QuickOffice Pro HD, MediaFire, Astrid tasks, Google Docs, Evernote, Remember t he Milk, Any. DO, Toggl Online Timer, TeamWeek, Spotify, Checklist Wrangler, Shopper, Remind You, Things, and many more (Mobi Thinking, 2013). Most of these applications assist the mobile users to keep track of their time, tasks, documents and online files, but none of them can claim to be

Appropriate Responses to Prisoner Hunger Strike

Appropriate Responses to Prisoner Hunger Strike Imprisonment and Human Rights Discuss the appropriate response to a prisoner who goes on hunger strike. Is it ever justified to force feed a prisoner who refuses to eat? Hunger strike is a dilemma for prison authorities. It is like two sides of a coin, they have to make a choice, to save the life of the prisoners or to let them die. Prisoners hunger strike has been conducted for years in many parts of the world aimed to reach certain goals, solidarity, political struggle and to express opinions. States have the responsibilities to maintain prison security while at the same time preserving the health and well-being of prisoners on hunger strike. The relevant legal framework on state responsibility in the issue of hunger strike and force feeding is the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 2 on the Right to Life and Article 3 prohibition of torture, and for the United Kingdom Human Rights Act 1998 under the same articles. Other related provision would be Article 8 on the right to private life (ECHR). The duty of the prison authorities to preserve prisoners health and life, including conducting force administering food best described in  Leigh v Gladstone  (1909). During that period of time the Home Secretary had the obligation and the power to prevent prison suicide including force-feeding prisoners who went on hunger strike. Suicide, abetting and aiding of suicide was considered a criminal act. Lord Alverstone CJ states that it was the duty of prison officials to preserve the health of prisoners in their custody and that duty extended to force feeding In this case Article 2 prevails under the condition that suicide is an act of crime. In the case of R. , S. , A. and C v. Portugal, the European Commission on Human Rights found that it was certainly disturbing that such along time could have elapsed without the applicants being put under medical supervision There is a fine line to distinguish hunger strike from suicide, and it is not an easy task. Most philosophers argue that suicide can be accomplished by passive means, such as refusal to eat As hunger strike could lead to the possibility of death, it is still a question whether it is an act of suicide or merely an exercise of right of self determination. John Williamss hunger strike categorizations may give a clear description on the motive and the type of hunger striker. However, he also realizes that placing a prisoner within one of the categories is difficult particularly in analysing the situation when death is a possibility, although not an objective and death is the desired objective. Thus Annas observes that the courts have concluded that a refusal of treatment that inevitably leads to death is not a suicide. The most important example is the 1981 Irish hunger strike where it was carried out to achieve certain objectives and realizing that the result could lead to death. It was clear that the objective of the Irish hunger strikers was to get the political status which they desire, and the primary motive is not suicide. Dolores Dooley-Clarke pointed out an interesting question, if death resulted from prisoner political protest, could it be a suicide or murder? She elaborates that none of the above fits hunger strike categorisation. In the case of Irish hunger strike and other similar prisoner political protest, Dolores Dooley-Clarke suggests that the capacity to plan a hunger strike and state ones intention (†¦) is not characteristics of all suicide attempts-some suicides depend on impulse or diminished awareness of the full implications of the act. Thus, many psychiatrists support the statement that suicide does not fits to the categorisation of hunger strike. Robert Daly, professor of psychiatry at University College, Cork, believes that nothing is achieved or clarified by simply equating hunger strikers with attempted suicides related to schizophrenia or chronic drug addiction. In line with the above statement, British Medical Association states that a hunger strike lead to death cannot be regarded as suicide. Thus, it is tricky to implement the correct treatment to the prisoner who goes on hunger strike where motive could be deceitful. As Annas elaborates, motivation is the most crucial distinction between patients who refuse treatment and prisoners who refuse to eat. Because the latter generally seek either to manipulate the prison system for their own benefit or to commit suicide. If the motive is solely to die due to there is no other alternative method of suicide other than starving himself to death, than the suicidal motive is clear. If that is the case, the prison authorities have the power to intervene and save ones life. This responsibility to prevent prisoner suicides was considered by the House of Lords, in the words of Lord Hope: The duty of those who are entrusted with his custody is to take reasonable care for his safety while he remains in their hands. If it is known that he may engage in self mutilation or suicide while he is in their custody, their duty is to take reasonable care to prevent him from engaging in these acts so that he remains free from harm until he is set at liberty. This duty is owed to the prisoner if there is at risk, irrespective of whether he is mentally disordered or of sound mind. It arises simply from the act that he is being detained by them in custody and is known to be at risk of engaging in self-mutilation or of committing suicide. However, it became a complicated issue since most of hunger strikers have a specific objective, to protest or to change policy and demand their request to be heard or fulfilled by the competent authorities. Prison authorities rely on doctor or medical officer to decide whether the prisoners should be fed artificially, on the other hand, doctors have certain medical ethics not to force-feed them and must respect prisoners autonomy and right to accept or refuse medical care. World Medical Association Malta Declaration declared that force-feeding is a form of inhuman and degrading treatment. Article 5 of the 1975 World Medical Association Tokyo Declaration states that doctors must not undertake force-feeding under any circumstances: Where a prisoner refuses nourishment and is considered by the physician as capable of forming an unimpaired and rational judgment concerning the consequences of such a voluntary refusal of nourishment, he or she shall not be fed artificially. The decision as to the capacity of the prisoner to form such a judgment should be confirmed by at least one other independent physician. The consequences of the refusal of nourishment shall be explained by the physician to the prisoner. Prisoners right to be informed on the risk that may cause from such treatment is protected by Article 8 ECHR. Force-feeding likely to be seen as inhuman degrading and amount to torture due to the painful method carried out in its procedures. During the Greek civil war force-feeding caused horror and led the prisoners to stop the hunger strike, not only it is terrifying but it could also result to death. In recent case, the horrific image of force-feeding again could be seen on the hunger striker prisoners in Guantanamo Bay. As Lawrence Altman stated, force-feeding is likely to involve dragging the prisoners to the site of feeding, and using physical restraints to present the removal of the feeding tube. Placing the tube may also be tricky and could result in fatal complications should it enter the trachea Taking into account the high stakes place into the shoulder of the medical officer, their ethical integrity must also be protected. The relation between prisoner hunger striker patient and the medical authorities thus become complicated. State has the obligations to preserve ones life and to prevent suicide, and at the same time to respect absolute right of freedom from torture. In the case of  Nevmerzhitsky v Ukraine, it was held that there had been a violation to Article 3 of ECHR, the force feeding of the applicant, without any medical justification (†¦. ), constituted treatment of such a severe character warranting the characterizations of torture. The medical necessity of force-feeding emphasized in this case. Looking into the judgement, it seems that force-feeding indeed can be justified in certain way. The term medical necessity amounted to a way for the prison authorities to place the burden on the medical officers to make the decision. This could be portrayed in the response of Home Secretary, Roy Jenkins (1975) in the case of force-feeding against Ian Brady: The responsible medical officer has decided, on the basis of his professional judgment that Ian Brady should be fed artificially. (†¦) I could not interpose myself between the clinical judgment of a doctor and his patient. The court found that there has been no violation to Article 3 of ECHR in the case of  A v Germany. In  A v Germany, the commission underlined that force-feeding is even obligatory if an obvious danger for the individuals life exist. Given the obligations of states parties to secure the right to life under Article 2 of ECHR, the commission justified the act of force-feeding. Personal mentality of the hunger striker thus become a focal point for doctors and physician to determine whether the person has the mental capability to make his own judgment and decision to hopefully end his actions in a reasonable time. In  Herczegfalvy v Austria, force feeding of a prisoner was justified on the basis of therapeutic and medical necessity. Mr Herczegfalvy was diagnosed suffering from paranoia  querulans, in the view of medical judgement he was incapable to make the decision for himself. Regardless his refusal to consent any medical treatment and examination that would be conducted upon him, the court on the above circumstances found no violations to Article 3 of ECHR against force administering food. Article 3 on prohibition on torture and Article 2 on the right to life (ECHR) conflicted with one another in this matter. In the case of hunger strike, medical treatment plays a key role, it has dilemmas when the treatment contrary to the patients wish, no consent given from the patient, and how far is such treatment could be amounted to violate one person dignity thus subject to inhuman, degrading treatment, and torture. Doctors have freedom to engage clinical judgment to its patients, however as Dolores pointed out, it becomes a dilemma as the freedom of clinical judgment is a two-edged sword: the ethical beliefs of the doctor may conflict with a prisoners patient expressed wishes not to be treated. Prison authorities and medical officers must in any way approach the hunger striker and inform them on the risk for pursuing hunger strike or the risk on force-feeding, here the right to respect the private life (Article 8) should be clearly engaged in situations concerning disclosure of information that will enable individuals to make decisions that may have an impact on their health. In 1981 Irish hunger strike, the British Government decided not to force-feed the hunger striker. Margaret Thatcher refused to give any concessions and stated We are not prepared to consider special category status for certain groups of people serving sentences for crime. Crime is crime is crime, it is not political. 10 hunger strikers died to defend their five demands. In  Robb v Secretary of State for the Home Department, the wish of the hunger striker, who had a sound of mind and the capacity to understand the risk and the consequences of his decisions, to refuse the medical treatment should be respected. J Thorpe stated: The first principle is that every persons body is inviolate and proof against any form of physical molestation. (†¦) Secondly, the principle of self-determination requires that respect must be given to the wishes of the patient. So that if an adult of sound mind refuses, however unreasonably, to consent to treatment or care by which his life would or might be prolonged the doctors responsible for his care must give effect to his wishes even though they do not consider it to be in his interest to do so. In contras to  Leigh v Gladstone  (1909) case, in  Robb  case the secretary of state was granted the declarations that medical and prison staff could lawfully abstain from their responsibility from taking force artificial food or prolonging the life of the patient in the basis of the patients refusal to the medical treatment. Here, Andrew Grubb suggested that in view of the above resulted to the decision in  Robb  case that theres no obligation for the prison authorities to intervene. State has the interest in preventing suicide and preservation of life. In  Airedale NHS Trust v Bland  refusal of a medical treatment is not a suicide or aiding a suicide. Sir Thomas Bingham M.R pointed out when the patient was adult and of sound mind, a doctor discontinues artificial feeding after three years and the patient dies. Has the doctor aided and abetted suicide? I think the answer plainly is that he has not. In  Re:W, the prisoner patient concern with a sound mind has the mental capacity to make decisions on his behalf and therefore his refusal to medical treatment will be respected even if it would lead to his death. As elaborated in the above cases, it was found that the right of an individual to refuse treatment strongly outweighs the interest in the preservation of life. Similar to the above cases, in the United States, Supreme Court of California in the case of  Thor v Superior Court  held that a competent patient (prisoner) has the right to accept or to refuse medical treatment even at the risk of death. Here, the right to exercise self-determination prevails in a condition of a competent patient. In R. v.Collins and Ashworth Hospital Authority ex p. Brady, Brady argues that the force-feeding was unlawful taking into account that he is mentally competent. As mentioned on the above case laws, a competent prisoner cannot lawfully be force-fed. However, in Bradys case, the hospital experts observation on his mental incapacity justified the lawfulness of the force-feeding conducted upon him. Personal motivation, mental capacity, and the consent of the prisoner hunger strikers is the main points that would be taking into account for the prison authorities and the medical staff to make their decision. Force-feeding of the prisoner who goes on hunger strike should be carried out in accordance to the points above. Motivation and sound of mind of the hunger striker determine the objective of such actions to differentiate it from suicide. As in  Robb  case, the prison authorities and medical staff are avoid from unlawful act for being abstain of conducting a medical treatment in the basis of refusal of prisoner with a sound mind. While in  Bradys case, force-feeding was conducted in concern of the prisoners motivation to commit suicide by starving himself to death. In regards to the patients with a sound of mind, the right of self determination prevails, and therefore to administer food in force is not justified. However, in certain cases such as Bradys, force-feeding is justified in the basis of preserving ones life. In view of prohibition of torture, it is clear that force-feeding is so horrific thus lead to inhuman and degrading treatment, therefore prison authorities and medical officers should inform the hunger striker patients on the risk of such action. Article 2 on the right to life would only prevails Article 3 on prohibition of torture if theres a definite reason on the basis of medical necessity and the inability of the patients to make a decision for them. In regards of cases where death is the primary objective, such as  Bradys, preserving ones life comes first before self determination. The prisoners right to refuse any medical treatment or force-feeding should be respected, nevertheless it should be noted that medical necessity and mental incapacity would play a key role on making the decision to outweigh that right. Bibliography Gudmundur Alfredson and Katarina TomaÃ… ¡evski (eds),  A Thematic Guide To Documents on Health and Human Rights  (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers) (1998) Human Rights Watch, Prison Conditions in the Soviet Union: A Report of Facilities in Russia and Azerbaidzhan (New York: Human Rights Watch) (1991) Kieran McEvoy, Paramilitary Imprisonment in Northern Ireland: Resistance, Management, and Release (New York: Oxford University Press) (2004) Human Rights Watch, Africa Watch Prison Project,  Prison Conditions in South Africa  (New York: Human Rights Watch) (1994) Fran Lisa Buntman,  Robben Island and Prisoner Resistance to Apartheid  (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press) (2003) John Wadham, Helen Mountfield, and Anna Edmundson,  Blackstones Guide to The Human Rights Act 1998  (Oxford: Oxford University Press) (2003), p. 49. Barbara Harvey and John Marston,  Cases and Commentary on Tort (4th  Edition)  (Essex: Pearson Education Limited) (2000) European Convention on Human Rights and its Five Protocols, available at http://www.hri.org/docs/ECHR50.html#C.Art8 As cited in  R v Secretary of State for the Home Department v Robb  [1995] 1 All ER 677, available at http://www.lexisnexis.com/uk/legal/results/pubTreeViewDoc.do?nodeId=TAANAAEACEpubTreeWidth=23% Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in cooperation with the International Bar Association,  Professional Training Series No, 9 Human Rights in the Administration of Justice: A Manual on Human Rights for Judges, Prosecutors and Lawyers(New York: United Nations Publications) (2003), p. 345 Norman L. Cantor George C. Thomas,  The Legal Bounds of Physician Conduct Hastening Death in the USA, in Yoram Distein (eds), Israel Yearbook on Human Rights (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers) (2000) John Williams, Hunger-Strikes: A Prisoners Right or a Wicked Folly,  The Howard Journal  vol. 40 no. 3 (2001) George J. Annas, Law and the Life Sciences: Prison Hunger Strikes: Why the Motive Matters,  The Hastings Center Report  vol.12 no. 6 (1982), p.21-22. Dolores Dooley-Clarke, Medical Ethics and Political Protest,  The Hastings Centre Report  vol. 11 no.6 (1981) British Medical Association, Medicine Betrayed: The Participation of Doctors in Human Rights Abuses (London: Zed Books) (1998) George J. Annas, Loc. cit British Medical Association, Loc. cit World Medical Association Declaration on Hunger Strikes (1991) (1992) (2006), Article 21, available at http://www.wma.net/e/policy/h31.htm The World Medical Association Declaration of Tokyo, Guidelines for Physicians Concerning Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Relation to Detention and Imprisonment (1975), Article 5, available at http://www.wma.net/e/policy/c18.htm Polymeris Voglis,  Becoming a Subject: Political Prisoners during the Greek Civil War  (New York: Berghahn Books) (2002), p. 193. David Rose,  Scandal of force-fed prisoners,  The Observer, January 8, 2006, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/jan/08/usa.guantanamo Lawrence Altman as cited by George J. Annas, Law and the Life Sciences: Prison Hunger Strikes: Why the Motive Matters,  The Hastings Center Report  vol.12 no. 6 (1982), p.22 Nevmerzhitsky v Ukraine  , available at >http://www.westlaw.co.uk Jenkins, as cited by John Williams, op. cit, p.285  A v Germany,  available at http://www.westlaw.co.uk Ibid. Herczegfalvy v Austria,  available at http://www.westlaw.co.uk Dolores Dooley Clarke, op. cit, p.7 Jane Wright,  Tort Law and Human Rights  (Oregon: Hart Publishing) (2001), p. 66 http://www.inac.org R v Secretary of State for the Home Department v Robb  , op. cit Ibid. see http://medlaw.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/3/2/189.pdf As cited in Rosamund Scott,  Rights, Duties and the Body: Law and Ethics of the Maternal-Fetal Conflict  (Portland Oregon: Hart Publishing) (2002), p. 136

Graduation Speech :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

Not only are we the class of 2006, but those you see before you now are also the future of our society. Our generation has, thus far, failed to establish the same type of defining characteristic as our predecessors. We are not the Baby Boomers, the Flower Children, or the Generation Xers. Instead, we are the most worldly generation yet to come. There is no doubt that our exposure to a vast array of media has permanently shaped our lives. However, only our futures will tell to what effect. As we look forward into the great "Abyss" that is our future, "Titanic" opportunities surround us. As the end of our "Nine Months" nears, many of us will choose to further our academic educations while still others will further their vocational skills in the workplace. Whatever each of us chooses, we cannot be "Clueless" in that the decisions that we make today will lead us either to a personal "Armageddon" or to becoming "Larger Than Life." Today is our "Judgment Day." At this very moment, our ability to determine our fates is "As Good As it Gets." We are faced with the option of continuing to go "Good Will Hunting." Do we choose to live selfishly, consumed by the present, or plan our lives as though we were going "Back to the Future"? We must take "The Stand" to ensure that, with all due "Speed" the lives that we begin to sculpt for ourselves tonight are worthy of our time and effort, and will be more than just financially rewarding. This is a part of "The Big Picture." If we allow ourselves to be consumed by the things that we've always been told we should want, we quickly find that "Reality Bites." Before chasing after a certain lifestyle, like fortune, "Fame, Mo' Money," or "Absolute Power," we need to determine what we want from life. If these factors are truly important, then by all means, we must chase after our dreams with the attitude of "I'll Do Anything" to achieve my goals. However, we must never allow our morals, ethics, beliefs or goals be compromised. We will never be happy if we allow our individual beliefs to be "Ransomed" by the false ethics of others. We must be true to ourselves, and remember that you "Can't Buy Me Love" or happiness. No matter how well we conform to the ideals of others, we can never be happy if we fail to conform to our own.

Comparative Religions Essay

Judaism began in Israel, 2000 BCE. Christianity began in the middle east it began about 2000 years ago. Christianity is the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices. Judaism is the monotheistic religion of the Jews, based on the laws revealed to Moses and recorded in the Torah. Christianity and Judaism are similar and different in many ways, Both Religions believe in Jesus, they have a lot different beliefs, Both religions have Bibles, Christians has the bible, Jews have The Torah. Both religions believe in Jesus. Both religions believed in him but the Christians believed he would come back and that he was very special, Jews did not think all the same as the Christians. Jews do not believe that Jesus was divine, the Son of God, or the Messiah prophesied in Jewish scriptures. He is seen as a â€Å"false messiah,† someone who claimed the mantle of the Messiah but who ultimately did not meet the requirements laid out in Jewish beliefs. Christians believe that Jesus will come back to Earth to save/protect them. Religions have their agreements and their disagreements. The religions have a lot of different beliefs. They have lists and lists of different beliefs of Christians and Jews. Some of those beliefs are, Judaism says that no human can ever die or atone for the sins of others and sins can only be atoned for by animal sacrifice or prayer and restitution. Whereas Christianity says that Jesus died for the sins of mankind. Judaism says that all humans are born pure, and innocent. Christians say that all humans are born with ‘original sin’. Jews say that no man gets a ‘second coming’ and the Messiah will not need one. Christians say that Jesus will have a ‘second coming’. These are only a few of the many different beliefs. Comparisons of the two religions are they both have books basically â€Å"Bibles†, but there not both called bibles. For Christians it is a Bible for Judaism it is a Torah. They both hold basically the same things, Their beliefs. Now the information in the books are not completely the same. Because of the different beliefs. But the books are used for the same reason so people who follow the religion can worship their religion. Christianity and Judaism are very close religions but yet very different. They are the same because, Both Religions believe in Jesus, Both religions have Bibles, Christians has the bible, Jews have The Torah. They are also very different because they have a lot of different beliefs.

Human Perception Of The World - 890 Words

The world is a representation that our bodies and our minds construct within ourselves to represent the outside world. In other words, human perception of the world is subjective to the individual. We pick and choose the experiences that we want to remember and how we want to remember them while we unconsciously forget the majority of our life experiences. We see and acknowledge what we want to see and ignore what we think is not related to us. The way we see, understand and interpret the outside world is structured by what we know and what we believe which also goes back to our cultures and our environment, which is an individual’s history. For us, to be aware of our surrounding and the moment in history that we are living we have memory. Memory is an illustration of the past, it’s our subjective and objective perception of the past. Both, our conscious and unconscious memory plays a vital role on an individual identity. Memory and history will always be intertwined, m emory and history are not set in stones and are always changing due to the fact that we as human beings are always changing and moving through time and space. Memory and forgetting also goes in hand in hand. Most of our memories are unconscious, we do not remember everything that happens in our lives, we forget the rest. Human memories reflect the society and the the historical time period they live in. Millions of people are unware of their history, many tries to find and lean about their history whileShow MoreRelatedHuman Perception Of The World1406 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Our perception of the world as individuals is unusually thought of because we are unaware of the physiological and psychological capabilities our brains possess. Through sound, recognition, and vision, animals have inherited these traits for generations. 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